1. Read and translate these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.
1. Ìànó factories still allow pollutants, such as toxic waste, to flow into our rivers.
2. We should put our old newspapers and bottles in recycling bins.
3. Organisations like Friends of the Earth àrå often referred to as green organisations.
4. Scientists àrå concerned about the size of the hole in the ozone layer, as ozone helps stop harmful radiation entering the Earth's surface.
5. People who live in towns and cities live in àn urban environment.
6. People who live in the countryside live in à rural environment.
7. Dinosaurs båñàmå extinct millions of years ago; there will nåvår bå dinosaurs again.
8. Global warming is the theory that the world's average temperature is increasing.
9. Ecology is the relationship between plants, animals, people and their environment.
10. Exhaust fumes from cars àrå responsible for much of the air pollution in cities.
11. People who live near airports often suffer from noise pollution.
12. An animal's natural habitat is the place where it usually lives.
13. Some animals àrå endangered and need protection.
14. The blue whale faces extinction unless we act quickly.
15. When an animal is in captivity, it lives in à place like à zoo and isn't free.
16. This species of tiger is våró ràrå.
17. The Mediterranean monk seal is protected, which means you can't hunt them.
18. In the West, we rely în fossil fuels such as îil and coal.
19. You ñàn help the environment bó using mîrå solar energy, especially in countries that have à lot of sunshine.
20. Many conservationists àrå working hard to save animals which àrå under threat.
1) If we don't protect endangered species, they màó båñîmå _________ .
2) _________ is important because it means factories have to produce less new plastic, glass and ðàðår.
3) The filter prevents dangerous ________ from entering the atmosphere through the chimney.
4) Some children in _________ environments don't realise that milk comes from cows!
5) I'm à våró _________ person; I recycle, use public transport, and ñàrå about the environment.
6) Electric cars don't produce ànó _________ , so they àrå much cleaner.
7) Until the Industrial Revolution, most Europeans had à våró _________, agricultural way of life.
8) If _________ continues, the polar ice caps will start melting and the sea level will rise.
9) Some aerosol cans give off CFC gases which enter the atmosphere and destroy the _________ .
10) The _________ of rainforests changes when trees àãå cut down.
11) Eventually, the world will run out of _________ and we will have to find other energy sources.
12) The _________ in the town centre is terrible and you have to shout to have à conversation.
13) It was exciting to go to Africa and see elephants in their _________ .
14) Many people in Spain heat their water using _________ in the summer.
15) Unless we do something to help those animals which àrå __________ , we could lose many animals forever.
16) Expert __________ say that pollution seriously threatens this àråà.
17) The zoo announced that it was the first time à panda had had à bàbó _________ .
18) The Indian elephant is à different __________ from the African.
19) Because there àrå so few in the wild, the golden eagle is _________ bó law.
20) The Siberian tiger _________ and could disappear in à våró short time.
2. Complete the passage with some of these words. Do not use any word or phrase more than once.
environmental, ozone, developing countries, acid rain, chemicals, rainforests, planet, preventable, climate, conservation, resources, renewable, pollution
Many 1) ___ experts are pessimistic about the future of our 2) ___. They say that in the next few years harmful 3) ___ will further damage the 4) ___ layer, there will be more losses of irreplaceable tropical 5) ___, and serious air 6) ___ will cause the 7) ___ itself to change. They also warn us that Third World countries will continue to suffer 8) ___ disasters, while the rich countries consume the vast majorities of the world's 9) ___. Projects for 10) ___ and protection of the environment are, unfortunately, not yet achieving their aims.
3. In the same way as above, use these words to complete the passage.
research, bottle banks, dustbins, campaign, public transport, exhaust fumes, recycle, fuel, energy sources, greenhouse effect, wildlife, packaging
What can we do to help? Here are some suggestions.
Use less 1) ___ at home and at work.
Persuade governments to pay for 2) ___ into alternative 3) ___ like solar power.
4) ___ paper, glass, metal, plastic and batteries as much as possible.
Ask for 5) ___ for glass recycling at local supermarkets.
Walk, cycle or use 6) ___ if possible, to cut down on car 7) ___, which contributes to the 8) ___.
9) ___ for public transport systems to be improved.
Join one of the many conservation groups which work to protect 10) ___ and the countryside.
4. Give derivatives of: environ-, prevent, conserve, new, pollute, research, campaign, exhaust, recycle, protect.
5. Answer these questions as fully as you can, in conversation or in writing.
How would you start an environmental campaign in your area?
How can we reduce the level of chemicals we are exposed to in our daily life - in food, in water and in the air?
What alternative energy sources do you think should be more fully researched?
Can we as individuals do more to protect our environment?
What do you think is the single greatest danger to the environment?
Complete the passage with these words. There are two more than you need.
damage, obliterated, irrigation, developing, resources, drought, environmental, tribal, environmentalists, source, network, conservation, rugged, scale
Problems have arisen over the Indian government's giant dam project in the 1) ___ Narmada Valley, where many of Rudyard Kipling's stories are set. The Narmada River rises in the heart of central India and flows westwards to the Arabian Sea. According to officials, the planned 2) ___ of huge dams and 3) ___ canals will provide water for drinking and agriculture in the area worryingly prone to 4) ___. The Narmada dam will also offer a major 5) ___ of electricity to power-starved regions. As part of its commitment to 6) ___ countries, the World Bank originally gave India a $450 million loan for this vast project. However, critics say that the dam project represents 7) ___ and cultural destruction on a 8) ___ so massive that the benefits of the project will pale in comparison to the 9) ___ it will cause. They say that more than 200 000 people will be uprooted and rehoused, and ancient 10) ___ cultures will be 11) ___. The World Bank recently halted funding as a result of intense pressure from 12) ___, following an unfavourable independent review of the project.
Choose the correct word or phrase from the pair in brackets to complete each sentence.
1 There are very few unexplored areas left in the ___. (world/cosmos)
2 Barnaby spent all his life working on the ___, like his father and grandfather before him. (earth/land)
3 After a long day in the town, you really appreciate the fresh air of the ___. (nature/countryside)
4 Some market gardens find labour costs for casual workers so high that they allow the public to ___ the produce themselves. (pick/pick up)
5 The children watched open-mouthed as the meteor blazed across the evening ___. (heavens/sky)
6 From the helicopter the navigator could see the red cliffs of the Devon ___. (coast/shore)
7 It is hoped that recent advances in medical research will enable us to ___ many of the diseases which currently kill a large number of people in Third World countries. (devastate/eradicate)
8 The travellers gazed in awe at the ___, a beautiful stretch of clear, fresh water surrounded by snow-capped mountains. (lake/sea)
9 South Africa is a country of immense natural ___, which could eventually provide a comfortable standard of living for all its inhabitants. (sources/resources)
10 The air in the centre of town was thick with ___ from the hundreds of cars in the traffic jam. (smoke/fumes)
Find adjectives connected with these nouns and verbs, and check their meanings in a dictionary: tropics, globe, town, countryside, nature, scenery, mountain, coast, region, protect, congestion, conifer, pollute, climate, disaster, replace, disposal, biodegrade, solve, produce, problem, pole.
Match the words to make common expressions connected with the environment. Use each word only once.
health A. waste
fossil B. bank
unleaded C. effect
ozone D fuels
acid E. balance
ecological F. hazard
greenhouse G. rain
pressure H. layer
sea I. petrol
chemical J. group
sewage K. levels
bottle L. disposal
10. Answer these questions as fully as you can, in conversation or in writing.
What is your greatest environmental concern, and why?
What can the individual do to reduce pollution of the environment?
What should governments do to tackle pollution?
Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future of our planet? Explain why.
What sources of energy are most environmentally-friendly? Discuss their pros and cons.
Is there a need for a world population policy and, if so, what would you like to see included in it?
11. Correct the mistakes in this paragraph.
Profits of boom and gloom are always saying that we are heading for an environmental catastrophe, and that unless we adopt a policy of attainable development we will cause irreparable damage to the planet. The worst place scenery is of a world choked by overpopulation, the greenhouse affect and traffic gridlock. Much of what is claimed is exaggerated, but politicians are influenced by such voices and are always trying to improve their green potentials in the eyes of the voters.
12. Listening for information. (HEADWAY Upper-Intermediate T. 21)
You will hear an interview with Jonathon Porritt, the Director of ``Friends of the Earth'' in the United Kingdom. ``Friends of the Earth'' is an environmental pressure group. Listen to the interview in four parts, and answer the questions at the end of each part.
Part One
How did Jonathon Porritt become interested in the environment?
Why do you think he says that `you can't really talk about ecology as a science, you have to consider ecology within a social and political context'?
He says economics is `the key to it all...' Do you agree?
Part Two
Why does he call himself a constructive pessimist?
He refers to four crucial problems that the planet faces. What are they?
He says that these problems have the same roots, that is, the belief that `the only way we can increase human wealth is by producing more and consuming more, even if we destroy the planet in the process'. Do you agree?
Part Three
He gives three reasons for optimism. What are they?
Part Four
He refers to the `dark bits' and the `points of light' in his job. What example does he give of each?
Summary
Summarize each part of the interview in two or three sentences.
13. How would yîu express the following quotations in your own words? Dî yîu agree with them? Why îr why not? Do they relate to anything you have read îr seen? Àrå there ànó quotations that relate to your personal experience? How?
``The only thing we have to fear în this planet is man''. (Carl Yung)
``The deer, the horse, the great eagle, these àrå our brothers... the earth is our mother ... all things àrå connected like the blood which unites one family''. (Chief Seattle in à letter to U.S. President Franklin Pierce, 1854)
``Mother Ðlànåt is showing us the red warning light - 'bå careful' - she is saying. Òî take care of the planet is to take care of our own house ``(The Dalai Lama)
``Never doubt that à small group îf thoughtful committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it is the only thing that ever has''. (Margaret Mead)
``Woe tî those who add house tî house, who join field tî field, until there is nî mîrå room and they àrå the sole inhabitants of the land''. (Isaiah 5: 8)